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All images © by Roberto Piperno, owner of the domain. Write to romapip@quipo.it. Text edited by Rosamie Moore.

- Introduction


Usually the top priority of a traveller in Greece is to visit temples and sites of the classical world.
Little attention is paid to the many other interesting memories of Greek history during the Byzantine Empire and after the fall of Constantinople until the emergence of the Greek Kingdom in the XIXth century.

Venice played a role in Greece for nearly a thousand years. A possession of the Byzantine Empire, Venice gained political independence in the VIIIth century as a result of the reaction to the Iconoclasm imposed by Emperor Leo the Isaurian and later on became an independent Republic maintaining strict relationships with Constantinople as the Cathedral of St Mark's testifies.

Venice was allied with the Byzantine Empire in restraining the expansion of the Normans who, after seizing Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in the west, had conquered Dyrrachium (today in Albania and known as Durres) in 1081 and attempted to reach Constantinople. Venice sent a fleet to help Emperor Alexius I and in return was granted trading concessions within the Empire, thus gaining a predominant role in Mediterranean trade.

The First Crusade weakened the Byzantine Empire and Venice profited by gaining some bases in the Ionian Islands to support trade. In 1125 the little port of Modon in the Peloponnese secured for Venice control over the maritime route between the Ionian and the Aegean seas.

As a reaction to a massacre of Venetian traders in Constantinople, Venice manoeuvered the Fourth Crusade into an expedition against Constantinople and ended up with possession of Crete, Euboea and several other islands in the Aegean Sea.

The expansion of Venice continued until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Soon after that the Sultans started a series of wars to gain possession of the Venetian bases. This process lasted more than three centuries. Only in 1715 with the fall of Tinos was the Aegean Sea freed from Venetian presence, but the Ionian Islands were retained by Venice until the Republic fell as a result of Napoleon's first Italian campaign.

Venice had no large army, but had a powerful fleet, so the strategy to retain the Greek possessions was based on building fortresses which could resist the Turkish attack until help could arrive from the sea. To achieve this in 1542 a Magistracy of Fortresses was established, which had jurisdiction over fortifications in the maritime and mainland dominions, and over the arsenals of sea territories of the Republic. The map (1900 Times Atlas) shows the fortresses built or occupied by the Venetians in Greece. By hovering on the blue dots you can read the name of the fortress (the names are those given by the Venetians) and by clicking on them you move to the related page. For fortresses in Crete the link is to a page giving a brief overview of the Venetian rule over the island and with the links to the page of each fortress.

You may refresh your knowledge of the history of Venice in the Levant by reading an abstract from the History of Venice by Thomas Salmon, published in 1754. The Italian text is accompanied by an English summary. You can also read a 1692 description (in Italian only) of the fortresses of Morea and of some other locations and learn about a book by Gen. Guido Amoretti describing the Venetian Fortresses in Greece in the footsteps of an XVIIIth century traveller.
You can also see some pages on Venice and the Levant.

Pages on towns/archaeological sites around the Aegean Sea Istanbul/Constantinople Edirne/Adrianopolis - it is slightly further north Bursa Corfu Butrinto Dodoni Ioanina Parga Paxi Preveza Nikopolis Vonizza Santa Maura/Lefkada Asso Itaca Castel di Rumelia Castel di Morea Patrasso Lepanto Cefalonia Zante Navarino Calamata Castel Tornese and Glarenza Modon Corone Mistrà Fortresses of Maina Malvasia Corinto Roman Corinth Napoli di Romania/Nafplio Argo Cerigo/Kythira Castelrosso Negroponte Oreo Schiatto Scopello Alonisso Egina Atene Hadrian's Athens Eleusis Spezzia Delphi Meteora Veria Kastoria Dion Platamonas Thessalonica Kavala Philippi Thassos Samothrace Tinos Micono Milo Nasso Grambusa via introductory page on Candia/Crete Castello via introductory page on Candia/Crete La Canea via introductory page on Candia/Crete Rettimo via introductory page on Candia/Crete Frangokastelo via introductory page on Candia/Crete Castel Selino (Paleochora) via introductory page on Candia/Crete Candia via introductory page on Candia/Crete Spinalonga via introductory page on Candia/Crete Ierapetra via introductory page on Candia/Crete Sittia via introductory page on Candia/Crete Lemno Stampalia Scio Schiro Andro Imbro Tenedo Patmo Lero Calimno Metelino Metimno Cunda Candarli Fochies Cismes Argentiera Sifno Serifo Paris Antiparis Siro Rhodes Coo/Kos Castel S. Pietro/Bodrum The Asklepeion of Kos Lindos Nissiros Symi Castelrosso (Kastelorizo) - it is located further east near the Asian coast Santorino Folegandros Afrodisias Ephesus Kale Sultanieh Kilitbahir Pergamum Sardis Seddulbahir Roman Smyrna Priene Miletus Didyma Iasos Euromos Milas Delos Olympia Mycenae Tiryns Ancient Argos Epidaurus Sounion Knossos Phaistos Gortyn Moni Arkadi Kritsa

default - Corfù
Clickable map: hover on the dots

On the Ionian Islands:     Corfù (Kerkyra)     Paxo (Paxi)     Santa Maura (Lefkadas)     Cefalonia (Kephallonia)     Asso (Assos)     Itaca (Ithaki)     Zante (Zakynthos)     Cerigo (Kythera)
On the mainland: Butrinto (Butrint)     Parga     Preveza and Azio (Aktion)     Vonizza (Vonitsa)     Lepanto (Nafpaktos)     Atene (Athens)
On Morea:     Castel di Morea (Rio), Castel di Rumelia (Antirio) and Patrasso (Patra)     Castel Tornese (Hlemoutsi) and Glarenza     Navarino (Pilo)     Calamata (Kalamata)     Modon (Methoni)     Corone (Koroni)     Braccio di Maina, Zarnata, Passavà and Chielefà     Mistrà     Corinto (Korinthos)     Argo (Argos)     Napoli di Romania (Nafplio)     Malvasia (Monemvassia)
On the Aegean Sea:     Negroponte (Chalki)     Castelrosso (Karistos)     Oreo     Lemno (Limnos)     Schiatto (Skiathos)     Scopello (Skopelos)     Alonisso     Schiro (Skyros)     Andro (Andros)     Tino (Tinos)     Micono (Mykonos)     Siro (Syros)     Egina (Aegina)     Spezzia (Spetse)     Paris (Paros)     Antiparis (Andiparos)     Nasso (Naxos)     Serifo (Serifos)     Sifno (Syphnos)     Milo (Milos)     Argentiera (Kimolos)     Santorino (Thira)     Folegandro (Folegandros)     Stampalia (Astipalea)     Candia (Kriti)
Genoese Bases:     Metelino (Mytilini)     Metimno (Molyvos)     Samothrace     Cunda (Alibey)     Thassos     Fochies (Foca)     Candarli     Cismes (Cesme)     Scio (Chios)
Fortresses of the Knights of Rhodes:     Lero (Leros)     Calimno (Kalimnos)     Coo (Kos)     Castel S. Pietro (Bodrum)     Symi     Nissiros     Rhodes (Rodos)     Lindos     Castelrosso (Kastelorizo)     Other fortresses
Ottoman fortresses:     Imbro (Gokceada)     Tenedo (Bozcaada)     Seddulbahir     Kale Sultanieh (Canakkale)     Kilitbahir
Other locations shown in the map:     Patmos     Dodoni (Dodona)     Nikopolis     Roman Corinth     Hadrian's Athens     Veria     Kastoria     Thessalonica     Philippi     Kavala     Meteora     Dion     Platamonas     Constantinopole/Istanbul     Adrianopolis/Edirne     Bursa     Pergamum     Roman Smyrna     Sardis (Sart)     Ephesus     Afrodisia     Delphi     Eleusis     Ioanina    Kos    Priene    Miletus    Didyma    Iasos    Euromos    Delos    Knossos    Phaistos    Gortyn    Sounion    Moni Arkadi    Kritsa    Olympia    Mycenae    Tiryns    Ancient Argos    Epidaurus    Milas

(in the background of this page a relief showing the winged lion, symbol of Venice)



SEE THESE OTHER EXHIBITIONS (for a full list see my detailed index).

Walls of Nova RomaA Capital of AsiaAntiochia